12/15/2023 0 Comments New port map colonies2 As I engage with Indigenous mappings I do so with respect and the full knowledge that as a European (.)Ģ Under review for this essay are the epistemological limits of the European imperial archive, in particular its geodetic writing system that by the mid-eighteenth century privileged the universal grid and with it the desire to locate, classify, and control all that it surveyed (Lefebvre Safier Edney, “The Irony of Imperial Mapping”).1 To identify, cross-reference, and compare maps that show North America and were produced during the (.).Now, three decades later, as the lines of inquiry have expanded into many new directions, the recognition of non-Western maps as being a critical part of human efforts to express spatial knowledge has helped usher in a fundamental revaluation of map definitions, even the very concept of cartography itself (Wood Jacob Edney, Cartography. In so doing, they have called into question critical attitudes that for decades had divided discussions of maps along binary lines, pitting, for example, scientific against unscientific thinking, print against oral transmission, fact against fiction. More recent works have complicated the eighteenth-century history of cartography as a dominant tool of settler colonialism, capitalism, and imperial domination (Harley Pickles Wood Akerman). Examining patterns of containment and subversion, studies have since demonstrated how Euro-centric biases were inherent to discussions about the global history of cartography (Edney, “ Cartography without ‘Progress’” Turnbull). It is also well-documented that Indigenous mappings easily subverted specific Western maps or larger, state-sponsored mapping projects (Waselkov Rundstrom Mundy). That eighteenth-century European maps contained Indigenous knowledge is a well-documented fact since at least the 1990s (Harley 169-96 Belyea Lewis, “Maps, Mapmaking, and Map Use by Native North Americans”). Haut de pageġ Joining recent efforts to rethink the history of cartography in its cultural and representational diversity, this essay suggests that Indigenous mappings may provide today’s historians with a generative catalyst for reimagining critical approaches to eighteenth-century maps, map designs, and methods of map reading. Calling attention to counter-mappings helps revise dominant notions of imperial cartography and provides historians with a catalyst for reimagining critical approaches to eighteenth-century maps, map designs, and methods of map reading. Drawing on an archive of over fifty maps produced between the 1700s and 1750s, the essay highlights the mapworks by the French geographer, Philippe Buache, and the American surveyor, Lewis Evans, to show how mapmakers not only borrowed from Indigenous peoples but engaged with residual Western modes of mapping. Joining efforts to rethink the history of cartography in its cultural and representational diversity, the essay finds that imperial maps showing North America included features of resistance that today are more associated with the mappings by Indigenous peoples than with commercial maps printed for European audiences. This essay offers a minor history of colonial American counter-mappings that emerged within European archives in response to cartographic encounters with Indigenous mappings and the eighteenth-century cartographic reformation. L’étude des cartes alternatives permet de mettre en question la notion dominante de cartographie impériale et invite les historiens à repenser leur approche critique des cartes du XVIII e siècle, de la fabrication des cartes et des modes de lecture des cartes. Exploitant plus de cinquante cartes d’archives réalisées entre 1700 et 1750, l’article met en évidence le travail cartographique mené par le géographe français Philippe Buache ainsi que par l’arpenteur américain Lewis Evans afin de montrer que les cartographes ne se sont pas seulement inspirés des peuples autochtones mais qu’ils se sont aussi appuyés sur une tradition résiduelle de cartographie européenne. S’efforçant de repenser l’histoire de la cartographie en tenant compte de sa diversité culturelle et de la richesse de son contenu, l’article souligne que les cartes impériales représentant l’Amérique du Nord étaient caractérisées par des signes de résistance, que l’on associe plus volontiers aujourd’hui aux entreprises cartographiques des peuples autochtones qu’aux cartes commerciales publiées à l’intention d’un public européen. Cet article retrace l’histoire des cartes alternatives de l’Amérique coloniale qui virent le jour dans les archives européennes en réponse aux rencontres avec les cartes établies par la population autochtone et à la réforme cartographique qui s’opéra au XVIII e siècle.
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